Friday, May 29, 2020

Rastafarianism Abrahamic Belief Developed 1920s-1930s - 1650 Words

Rastafarianism: Abrahamic Belief Developed 1920s and 1930s (Research Paper Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourseDateRastafarian CultureIntroductionRastafarianism is an Abrahamic belief that was developed in the 1920s and 30s in the slums of Jamaica following the coronation of Haile Selassie I as the first emperor of Ethiopia. He is worshipped similarly to Jesus in his Second Advent, or as God the Father. The members of the religion are known as Rastafari, Rastas, Rastafarians or simply Ras. The Rastafarians are also known by their church titles such as High Priest and Elders. This way of life is at times are referred to as "Rastafarianism," a term that is considered as offensive by the Rastas as they criticize "isms" since it is associated with the "Babylon" system.TerminologiesThe title "Rastafari" was taken from the emperorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s names, Ras Tafari Makonnen. The term Ras in Amharic literally means "head" which is an equivalent of a prince or a chief in Ethiopia. The other personal name, Tafari on the other hand refe rs to "one who is revered.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ The Rastas worship Jah-a Hebrew name of God which is a shortened name for Jehovah or Jahweh as outlined in the Biblical Chapters of Psalms in the King James Version. Adherents perceive Haile Selassie I as their Jah, thus Jah Rastafari, which is clearly an incarnation of the God the Father, and the second advent of Jesus Christ who is the "Anointed one" which describes the second coming of Christ Jesus the King to Earth. (Dagnini, 32)African religious traditions and Biblical themes have greatly influenced the Rastafarian way of life in terms of culture and belief systems. Bob Marley, who is arguably the most famous Rastafari, is known for composing reggae music which has earnedthe Jamaican movement an international recognition.DiscussionThere is a wide variety of moral and spiritual variation within the Rastafarian context arising due to the informal organization of leadership styles employed. While some Rastas view Rastafarianism as a culture and way of life, others perceive it as an established religion. Despite these differences, the Rastas are united by a common belief in the Messiahship or divinity of the Ethiopian first emperor, Haile Selassie I and his symbolism of resistance of oppression, Jamaican culture, and pride in African heritage. The lifestyle employed by Rastas is characterized by rituals such as the use of marijuana, wearing of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s hair in dreadlocks, avoidance of alcohol, and vegetarianism. (Shankar, 508)According to Salter, the Rastafarian lifestyle involves making of important choices by its members. The growing of long hairs and maintaining matted dreadlocks is usually to serve as a reminder to the practitioners that they have made a natural covenant that they should always endeavor to uphold. Smoking marijuana is a sacred activity as it is believed to bring strength, clarity and calmness to both mind and soul. This smoking practice is believed to lead to a common "reasoning" where Rasta s get together to have a smoking session in order to develop important and crucial spiritual ideas. The Vegetarianism aspect of the Rasta community is intended to form an "ital lifestyle" sort for vital lifestyle, which is intended to promote life in all forms.Religious beliefsThe Rastas believe in a Judeo-Christian God, whom they refer to as Jah. In general, the Rastafarian beliefs are based on Christianity and Judaism, with most emphasis on prophecies of the Old Testament and the Book of Revelation.Jah, according to Rastas, was manifested on earth as Jesus who they believed was black and Emperor Haile Selassie. Haile Selassie who is still believed to be alive is referred to as His Imperial Majesty (H.I.M) often pronounced as "him." His death was a hoax as he still lives in protection awaiting the Day of Judgment. In essence, the Emperor Haile Selassie is viewed as divine and is worshipped by over one million adherents. These adherents also believe and honor old prophets of the Old Testament such as Elijah and Moses.Rastafarians do not believe in life after death because they view Africa (called, Zion) as a heaven here on earth. True Rastafarians are believed to be immortal, both spiritually and physically, a concept referred to as "ever living." They also believe in another concept of "I and I" rather than "you and I" which emphasizes the oneness and togetherness between god and humanity and the equality of all human beings despite race, color and religion.The other important concept by the Rastafarians is Babylon, which refers to the AmericanS and the entire European structure. They seek to resist Babylonians for their cruelty in enslaving the black community and holding them down through poverty, inequality, trickery and illiteracy. This concept depicts the greedy nature of Babylonians as contrasted to the humbleness and simplicity of the Rasta community.TextsThe Sacred texts used by the Rasta community is known as the Holy Piby otherwise known as the "Bla ck Manà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Bible." The book was compiled and written by Robert Rogers of Anguilla from 1913 to 1917 and later published 1924. The book is said to be formulated from the original version of the Bible with only a few alterations. The alterations are meant to correct the distortions made by the English men during the translation of the Bible from the original language to English. Another Ethiopian national epic used by the Rastas is known as the Kebra Negast, though it is less used then the Bible. (Stephenson, 67)Sects and SubdivisionsThere exist three orders or sects of Rastafari today. The three orders agree on the basic concepts and principles of the divine importance of Black image divinity and the status of Haile Selassie. In essence many Rastafari do not belong to sects, instead they are loosely defined as loose and organized movements. These three orders entail the Nyahbinghi Order, the Bobo Shanti and the Twelve Tribes of Israel. (Thompson, 337)The Nyahbinghi SectThe o rder which is also known as the Theocratic Priesthood and Levity Order of Nyahbinghi is name named after the Queen of Uganda, Nyahbinghi who is said to have fought against the colonial influence during the nineteenth century. The sect, which is the oldest, entails and focuses on Ethiopia, Haile Selassie, and the eventual return to Africa. This Order is overseen by an assembly of Elders.The Bobo Shanti OrderThe sect was founded in the 1950s by Prince Emanuel Charles Edward of Jamaica. The word "Bobo" refers to black whereas "Shanti" refers to the Ashanti tribe located in Ghana, from whence the order believes Jamaican slaves are descended. The members of this order are also known as Bobo dreads.

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Analysis Of Robert Frost s Harry Potter And The Chamber...

J. K. Rowling, a highly appraised author, stated â€Å"It is our choices [†¦] that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities† (Rowling 331) in her best-selling novel â€Å"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.† The notion that our actions define who we are is one that has been prominent in literature since before Rowling’s novels were even thought of. Specifically, Robert Frost has been implying this conviction in his poems since their creation in the early twentieth century. Additionally, Frost makes clear the idea that certain aspects of humanity influence the decision making process and therefore directly impacting the image of who a person truly is. Acquainted with the Night, The Road Not Taken, and Fire and Ice each reveal Robert Frost’s thoughts on a different aspect of human nature and how these aspects influence the way humans make decisions. Frost s views on the effect of human nature on choice are revealed in the last three lines of Acquainted with the Night: One luminary clock against the sky / Proclaimed the time was neither wrong nor right. / I have been one acquainted with the night (12-14). In this excerpt from the poem, the moon indicates to the speaker that it is not the right or wrong time, implying that it is up to the speaker to decide whether or not to take action. The aspect of human nature that is highlighted in this poem is the tendency of man to wait for a sign or for the time to be right before taking action against the currentShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. T o obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller - 1075 Words

Many families suffer from dysfunctions. In the Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, you have a dysfunctional family, Willy thinks he is an advanced salesmen getting cheated out of an amazing opportunity in New York, Linda believes her husband Willy is mentally sane and that he just has bad luck, Happy says he’s a salesmen when he has been keeping his real work hidden from his family, and Biff has been bouncing around from job to job down west. Willy, Linda, Biff, and Happy use self-deception as a means to mentally escape the reality of their lives. Biff is the only character who becomes self-aware by the end of the play. Biff is the only one who realizes that he and his family have been living a huge lie and when he tries to†¦show more content†¦This meeting is thought to be a great chance for Biff to obtain a loan that will help him start his dream business.† (Enotes) This is the scene where everything is destroyed for the Loman family. â€Å"We learn that the meeting never takes place; Bill Oliver does not even remember Biff, making Biff realize that he was merely a shipping clerk for Oliver, and not a salesmen, like Willy had convinced him to believe for years.† (Enotes) This was Biff’s actual realization that his entire life was a complete lie. â€Å"The anger that Biff develops after realizing that his life has been a mere fragment of Willy’s imagination makes him want to confront his father at the restaurant. This, he does in aims that Willy would stop, for once and for all, creating fantasies about Biff in Biff’s own head.† (Enotes) This is what happens to Willy after the truth is finally brought to his attention. There are many resources that clearly state that Biff was the only one to come to grips with reality. He is the only one who cares about his real life. He throws his false identity away for the truth. â€Å"In this scene we can see that Biff expresses his emotion towards the ty pe of lifestyle he has been living. Biff has finally realized that he has been living a deceptive life which was instigated by his father Willy Loman. We see that Biff rises above the low level he has been living by accepting the truth andShow MoreRelatedDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1387 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican play-write Arthur Miller, is undoubtedly Death of a Salesman. Arthur Miller wrote Death of a Salesman in 1949 at the time when America was evolving into an economic powerhouse. Arthur Miller critiques the system of capitalism and he also tells of the reality of the American Dream. Not only does he do these things, but he brings to light the idea of the dysfunctional family. Death of a Salesman is one of America’s saddest tragedies. In Arthur Miller’s, Death of a Salesman, three major eventsRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller888 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman† is a play written by Arthur Miller in the year 1949. The play r evolves around a desperate salesman, Willy Loman. Loman is delusioned and most of the things he does make him to appear as a man who is living in his own world away from other people. He is disturbed by the fact that he cannot let go his former self. His wife Linda is sad and lonely; his youngest son Biff is presented as a swinger/player while his eldest son Happy appears anti-business and confused by the behaviorRead MoreDeath of Salesman by Arthur Miller972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play Death of a Salesman by the playwright Arthur Miller, the use of names is significant to the characters themselves. Many playwrights and authors use names in their works to make a connection between the reader and the main idea of their work. Arthur Miller uses names in this play extraordinarily. Not only does Miller use the names to get readers to correlate them with the main idea of the play, but he also uses names to provide some irony to the play. Miller uses the meanings of someRead MoreDe ath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1573 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresents a character with a tragic flaw leading to his downfall. In addition, in traditional tragedy, the main character falls from high authority and often it is predetermined by fate, while the audience experiences catharsis (Bloom 2). Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman is considered to be a tragedy because this literary work has some of the main characteristics of the tragedy genre. In this play, the main character Willy Loman possesses such traits and behaviors that lead to his downfall, and theRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller949 Words   |  4 PagesDeath of a Salesman can be described as modern tragedy portraying the remaining days in the life of Willy Loman. This story is very complex, not only because of it’s use of past and present, but because of Willy’s lies that have continued to spiral out of control throughout his life. Arthur Miller puts a modern twist on Aristotleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s definition of ancient Greek tragedy when Willy Loman’s life story directly identifies the fatal flaw of the â€Å"American Dream†. Willy Loman’s tragic flaw can be recappedRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller846 Words   |  4 PagesA Dime a Dozen The Death of a Salesman is a tragedy written by playwright Arthur Miller and told in the third person limited view. The play involves four main characters, Biff, Happy, Linda, and Willy Loman, an ordinary family trying to live the American Dream. Throughout the play however, the family begins to show that through their endeavors to live the American Dream, they are only hurting their selves. The play begins by hinting at Willy’s suicidal attempts as the play begins with Linda askingRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller Essay2538 Words   |  11 PagesSurname 1 McCain Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course: Date: Death of a Salesman Death of a salesman is a literature play written by American author Arthur Miller. The play was first published in the year 1949 and premiered on Broadway in the same year. Since then, it has had several performances. It has also received a lot of accordances and won numerous awards for its literature merit including the coveted Pulitzer for drama. The play is regarded by many critics as the perfectRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller1628 Words   |  7 PagesArthur Miller wrote the Pulitzer Prize winning play Death of a Salesman in 1949. The play inflated the myth of the American Dream of prosperity and recognition, that hard work and integrity brings, but the play compels the world to see the ugly truth that capitalism and the materialistic world distort honesty and moral ethics. The play is a guide toward contemporary themes foreseen of the twentieth century, which are veiled with greed, power, and betrayal. Miller’s influence with the play spreadRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By Arthur Miller1475 Words   |  6 Pagesto death to achieve their so- called American dream. They live alone and there is no love of parents and siblings. They may have not noticed the America dream costs them so much, which will cause a bigger regret later. In the play Death of Salesman, Arthur Miller brings a great story of a man who is at very older age and still works hard to achieve his desire, which is the American dream. Later, he notices that his youth is gone and there is less energy in his body. Willy Loman is a salesman, whoRead MoreDeath Of A Salesman By Arthur Miller2081 Words   |  9 Pages#1 â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller is a tragedy, this play has only two acts and does not include scenes in the acts. Instead of cutting from scene to scene, there is a description of how the lighting focuses on a different place or time-period, which from there, they continue on in a different setting. The play doesn’t go in chronological order. A lot of the play is present in Willy’s flashbacks or memories of events. This provides an explanation of why the characters are acting a certain

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

BOOKREPORT Essay Example For Students

BOOKREPORT Essay by Maximilian SchrederMalcolm XThe Autobiography as told to Alex HaleyIntroductionWhen Malcolm X was murdered in the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem on February 21, 1965, he was world-famous as the angriest black man in America. By that time he had completed his autobiography, so we have now the opportunity to get information of this both hated and loved Afro-American leaders life at first hand. The book The Autobiography of Malcolm X, which he wrote with the assistance of Alex Haley, was first published in 1965. The Two AuthorsMalcolm X did not write his autobiography on his own, but he told his life to the journalist and novelist Alex Haley. Haley had already interviewed Malcolm X for the Playboy magazine. Later, he asked him if he would tell his life story for publication. Malcolm accepted. SummaryMalcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. The son of Louise and Earl Little. Louise Little was a mulatto born in Grenada in the British West Indies and Earl Little, a six-foot, very dark skinned man from Reynolds, Georgia, was a Baptist minister and organiser for Marcus Garvey, who wanted that all Afro-Americans go back to the land of their ancestors, Africa. Louise, his second wife, bore six children: Wilfred, Hilda, Philbert, Malcolm, Yvonne, and Reginald. Earl Little also had three children by a first wife: Ella, Earl, and Mary. Because of the fathers advocacy for Garveys movement, the whole family was terrorised by the Ku Klux Klan. To avoid any more harassment by these white racists, Little had to migrate with his family to Lansing, Michigan. It did not help. The white racists of Lansing killed Malcolms father by laying him on a railway track, claiming he committed suicide. Alone and without money, Louise Little got more and more desperate, till the whi te authorities sent her to a mental hospital. Malcolm attended school until eighth grade living with different families. When his teacher stopped him from trying to become a lawyer, he dropped out of school and went to his older half sister, Ella, who lived in Boston. There, he took a job as a shoeshine boy at the Roseland Ballroom. A career as a hustler seemed a more tempting option, and he was soon peddling narcotics. He met a white girl called Sophia who quickly became his girlfriend. Having a white girl and being a very good dancer, he soon was a notorious young man with crazy clothes and a haircut made to resemble the hair of white people, which he was very ashamed of later. But Roxbury proved to be too small for him, and in 1942 he took a job as a railroad dining-car porter, working out of Roxbury and New York. Settling in Harlem, New York, he became more and more involved in criminal activities. He robbed, worked as a pimp, and sold narcotics. Malcolm soon learned to survive in the hustler society, which was constantly threatened by internal wars that could render every man your enemy. In Harlem he also got his nickname Detroit Red, because his home town Lansing was close to Detroit and his hair was red. After a year in Harlem, Malcolm was officially initiated into hustler society. He returned to Boston in 1945 after falling out with another hustler, and continued a life of crime, forming his own house robbing gang. Arrested for robbery in February 1946, he was convicted and sentenced to prison for seven years. While in prison, Malcolm became a follower of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of a small black cult, the Nation of Islam, with branches in Detroit, Chicago and New York. Malcolm and Elijah Muhammad corresponded by mail. Malcolms brothers Philbert and Reginald, visiting him in prison, urged him to join Muhammads cult, and while still in prison he did. He discarded his slave name, Little, and took the new name X. He improved his poor knowledge by reading an encyclopaedia and studied plenty of books as well as the Koran and followed strictly the Nation of Islams dietary laws and moral codes. .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 , .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .postImageUrl , .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 , .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86:hover , .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86:visited , .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86:active { border:0!important; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86:active , .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86 .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71e7992f1a6426642558cd4c02ccec86:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Long Should an Essay Be?After his parole in 1952, Malcolm X undertook organisational work for the Nation of Islam under the guidance of Elijah Muhammad. Minister Malcolm X founded mosques in Boston, Philadelphia, Harlem and elsewhere and made the national expansion of the movement possible, so that the membership reached approximately 30000 in 1963. Malcolm X vision was expressed in speeches, a newspaper column as well as radio and television interviews. In addition, he helped to found the Black Muslim newspaper Muhammad Speaks. Minister Malcolm X was said to be the only Negro who could stop a race riot or start one. In January 1958 he married Betty X, who was also a member of the Nation of Islam. Because of his success, other Ministers of the Nation of Islam grew jealous. Elijah Muhammad also began to be afraid of his best Minister who proved to be more famous than he himself. So, partly because of these tensions within the Black Muslim movement, Malcolm became critical of Elijah Muhammad. He was eventually silenced for 90 days after commenting on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy with the phrase chickens come home to roost. But before his silence was lifted, Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam to form the Muslim Mosque, Inc. on March 1964. He began to advocate a more pragmatic black nationalism and said that blacks should control the politics within their own community and, through his speeches, encouraged his followers to make changes by voting. At the height of his power Malcolm X was one of black Americas most powerful voices. He had enormous influence among black youth and in progressive intellectual circles. He travelled widely in Europe and Africa and established his Organisation of Afro-American Unity. He saw the black American struggle partly as a segment of the efforts of third world nations for human rights. In 1964, Malcolm X went on his pilgrimage to Mecca, which is obligatory for orthodox Muslims, and there he began to consider changing his views towards integration. In Mecca, he saw that it was possible for black and white people to live in brotherhood, of which he was deeply touched. After the pilgrimage he adopted the name El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. The angry members of the Nation of Islam began to threaten to kill him. His home in Queens, New York, which Malcolm X shared with his wife and his six children was firebombed in early February 1965. When Malcolm X was delivering a speech in the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem on February 21, 1965, he was shot down by Black Muslims. Personal OpinionNo matter if you agree with Malcolm X opinions, his autobiography is worth reading. One thing of Malcolm X personality I really honour is his readiness to revise his ideas and change them. Especially in the fields of politics and religion, both of which he was working in, people usually never change their beliefs and policies, even if they are proved to be wrong. But Malcolm X was different. He turned all his beliefs and his way of life upside down when joining the nation of Islam. He stopped drinking, smoking and abusing drugs instantly and dedicated his life to his leader, whereas he had been selfish and greedy his whole life before. Tragically, he trusted Elijah Muhammad too much. All in all its a great book.